Ghosts and Supernatural with close reference to ‘The Woman in Black’ and ‘Violet Car’ Essay

Ghost stories are all about death and dying. They help us to understand what happens after we die. They try to build up people’s fear of death and dying. They use people’s fear to build up suspense. Sometimes the author of the book will use the characters in the book to keep the reader wondering, grieving people sometime imagine things and the author can use this to keep the reader interested in the book. The reader would be wondering if it is the imagination of the character or a real ghost. Often ghost stories are based on someone’s premature or violent death. Some stories can use this to add more fear, because it could be an ordinary person that gets killed. Sometimes the author writes as if it had happened to them, this could help the reader to believe the story more. The ‘Violet Car’ is about the violent death of a young girl. The man that had killed Mr. Eldridge’s daughter was driving though the village in his violet car. He pulled up to Mr. Eldridge, and asked him for directions to Hexham. It was a foggy day, and Mr. Eldridge didn’t like the driver so he told him that it was straight on, and the driver drove straight of the edge of a cliff. Mr. Eldridge was haunted with the pictures of the car driving off the cliff and everyday he saw it. The only way that he could stop the visions was to stop the car from driving off the edge of the cliff. Mr. Eldridge stood on the corner of the road to stop the car as it came round the corner, it hit Mr. Eldridge and knocked him to the ground. The cause of death was heart failure, but he was really killed by the same car that had killed his daughter. ‘The Woman in Black’ is about a ghost that haunts Eel Marsh House, an isolated house with a very dark secret. There is a ghost of a young woman that lost her son on the marshes near Eel Marsh House, which haunts the house. Mr. Drablow, the previous owner, died and Arthur Kipps is sent to sort out every thing in the house and make sure all the legal documents are correct. The ghost is of a woman called Jennet Humfrye, who had a son but was not allowed to keep him so she gave him up to Alice Drablow. Jennet came to see here son all the time and one day the child had been out in the town and come back on a horse and cart, but it had gone off the tracks and into the marsh. Arthur hears noises on the marsh of people dying, drowning in the mud of the marshes. Every time the ghost is seen a baby dies, but when no child died they thought that the curse of the old house had ended, but Arthur’s child and wife die in an accident and the woman in black was left to haunt Crythin Gifford. The books are similar in many aspects, they are both written in the first person. Writing in first person is a common practice by Authors to make the reader believe the story more. ‘The Woman in Black’ is written as if you are Arthur and the ‘Violet Car’ is written from the point of view of the nurse. They are similar because they both try and achieve the same thing, just using different techniques. Susan Hill keeps the readers attention by using short sharp sentences, whereas Edith Nesbit uses lots of descriptions to keep the attention of the reader. ‘The Woman in Black’ uses lots of very good descriptive words; they are very good for working up the suspense even more. ‘The Woman in Black’ and ‘Violet Car’ are both based on grief, ‘The Woman in Black’ is the grief of Jennet, the ‘Violet Car’ is about Mr. Eldridge and the grief he had because he sent the car off the edge of the cliff. In ‘The Woman in Black’ Susan Hill make an eerie atmosphere by using short onomatopoeic sentences such as, â€Å"Bump. Bump. Pause. Bump. Bump. Pause. Bump. Bump. Bump. Bump. Bump. Bump† This kind of sentence helps to build up anticipation and anxiety. It is like you want to find out what is going to happen next but are too scared to find out. She does not use cliffhangers at the end of a chapter; however she does use them at the end of some paragraphs. The ‘Violet Car’ is a very different book in that respect, Edith Nesbit writes in a different way to Susan Hill. E. Nesbit didn’t write in short sentences; instead she told the story in a way that made you want to continue reading. Both the stories are traditional well told ghost stories that use different techniques to get the same result. They are both interesting and exciting and the kind of story that you don’t want to put down because it is so full of suspense. I think that ‘The Woman in Black’ is a better ghost story because a lot more happens in it and it has a more complex plot to the ‘Violet Car’, however ‘The Woman in Black’ is a book whereas the ‘Violet Car’ is a short story. ‘The Woman in Black’ was described has ‘Heartstoppingly chilling’ and I agree with this.

Marks & Spencer SWOT and PEST Essay

Marks and Spencer is the British multinational retail company that specializes on producing clothing and high-quality food. Being the dominant force on the UK market Marks and Spencer owns 600 stores in the home country and over 225 stores worldwide. Bird (1986) claims Marks and Spencer to be the most powerful image of Great Britain; the company currently being the most profitable UK organization also is one of the most innovative in the world. Two main features of the Marks and Spencer are centralization and simplicity. The firm tends to use centralized organizational structure and tries to keep everything simple avoiding the complexity in any aspect of systematic applications (Howells, 1981). Strengths: Marks and Spencer has been known for its highest standards of fair-trading, which include acquiring strong contacts with current suppliers, producing and proposing high-quality food, being friendly to the staff and having a flexible exchange policy for existing customers (Grayson, 2011). Having a stable and positive reputation is inevitable for the big worldwide brands. The company being initially only focused on producing garments lately diversified its market to the other sectors, such as food, electronics and furniture (Hamil, Crosbie, 1990). Diversification guaranteed bigger amount of customers for the company and expanded its growth. The company tends to locate its stores in the high streets which leads to obtaining large amount of customers every day and therefore larger profit. (Bird, Witherwick, 1986). Furthermore, Marks and Spencer does not rent the premises, it owns stores eliminating the possible rental costs. Marks and Spencer is an international retailer which owns more than thousand shops approximately in forty countries, covering market of such a big size is beneficial for the company’s income (Salmon, Tordjman, 1989). According to Doyle (1982), Marks and Spencer is the Britain’s strongest and most successful brand that makes company well known around the world and differentiates it from competitors making it unique. Weaknesses: Marks and Spencer due to diversification and operating in more than one market (garments, food, furniture) is not concentrated on any particular segment, unlike its main competitors such as Tesco and Sainsbury’s which  retail only food (Lewis, Thomas, 1990). The lack of the focus and concentration may lead to the reduced innovations and scarcity of the expertise in one particular market area. When Marks and Spencer tried to expand their market adding the clothing line for younger people, it experienced loss and failure, as it wasn’t able to follow latest fashion trends to satisfy younger audience and kept a reputation of the retailing brand mainly for elder women (Fletcher, 2007). According to Alon (2000), Marks and Spencer experienced lack of inventory control which led to the underperforming other major British companies by 25% in 1998. The average price comparison made by Telegraph in 2008 has shown that the prices on the Marks and Spencer’s food exceed thos e in Asda by 3.6%. The company is considered high-priced and looses large amount of customers from middle and lower class, who prefer daily shopping in other big retail chains like Asda, Sainsbury’s and Tesco, where prices are much cheaper and more reasonable (Avery, 2011). Political factors: Each company which desires to maximize its profit should develop within the governmental policies. Marks and Spencer is not an exception, as the company believes that engagement with the government is beneficial for the organization’s income. According to Marks and Spencer’s official website, company tends to communicate with the political audiences either directly or through the trade memberships. After the â€Å"green† governmental policy in 2008, Marks and Spencer introduced the 5p charge for the plastic bags across its stores (Vaughan, 2011). Marks and Spencer is located in the UK, which has stable political background and tax policies (McGrattan, 2005). However, in 2005 the company experienced losses in the EU area and appealed to the court for the opportunity to deduct international losses from its UK tax bill (European Commission Legal Services, 2005). After European Court of Justice announced that Marks and Spencer and other UK companies have the right to counterpoise British tax bill, Marks and Spencer has won this case receiving 30 million tax relief (BBC, 2005). Economic factors: The majority of international companies are considering the USA a perfect area of franchising due to the big population and large size of the market. Marks and Spencer was among the first British retailers who considered  expanding its business to the North America (Alexander, 1995). However, the September 11 attacks have caused economic crisis and change in the purchasing behavior of American citizens which led to the extreme losses experienced by Marks and Spencer throughout the following year imposing the company to close the non-core branch in North America (BBC, 2002). Due to the financial crisis taking place in 2007-2008 (Barrel, 2008) and later severe crisis in Eurozone, the sales of Marks and Spencer has significantly decreased, as the salaries of the middle-class didn’t math the high-priced food and garments offered by the retailer (Rayner, 2008). Social factors: According to Marks and Spencer’s official website, company is focused on applying ethical trading, producing nontoxic food and employing responsible use of an energy, as the company believes that adapting CSR is vital for the development of business. Company is especially focused on the animal welfare, being the first UK retailer to sell only free-range eggs in its stores (Jones, 2005) and along with several other British retailers promotes food without additives (Jones, 2007). However, several years ago Marks and Spencer was accused in using the child labour in Morocco which might have damaged the company’s reputation (Frankental, 2001). According to Moore (1995) and Campbell (2010) Marks and Spencer over the past years has increased the amount of advertisement using different types of commercials. Nevertheless, the company was not been able to satisfy customers’ needs, while producing their clothing line for young people which led to the losses of profit (Jobbe r, 1999). Technological factors: According to Butler (2013), Marks and Spencer is the only big British food retailer that does not have an online shopping service, while other companies like Sainsbury’s and Morrison are making millions of pounds through the web. The company for the long time is using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology that helped to achieve more efficient supply chain system. After the success with Marks and Spencer other British supermarkets implemented this technology in order to reduce costs and improve customer service (Jones, 2005). In 2012 Marks and Spencer announced  the new marketing plan that included the wi-fi connection throughout its stores, planning that the customers would be able to see the full stock of products on their devises which would simplify searching for the preferable item (Raddick, 2012). Conclusion: Marks and Spencer is the powerful international retailer that can maximize its future profit taking into consideration further opportunities and threats of substitutes. Marks and Spencer should consider adding online shopping for its food products, as the other British food retailers like Tesco and Sainsbury’s already have this feature that gives a big percentage of companies’ income. Another way for developing company may be expanding to the Asian market which can guarantee huge profit due to the big size of population. One of the main threats caused by economic crisis both in USA and European Union is the loss of bargaining power of customers. People find it hard to afford the high prices offered by Marks and Spencer and therefore try to search for a cheaper alternative. Retailer in future should adapt to the social changes when producing their clothing line for younger people in order to satisfy this audience.

The Philospohy of Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Philospohy of Knowledge - Essay Example What we think is important; How we think is important. Epistemology is all about how we think, what we think and what is fundamental to perfect such a thinking process! Some of the important questions related to Epistemology are: What can we know? Why do we know some things, but not others? How can we know it? Is knowledge possible? How do we acquire knowledge? Can knowledge be certain? Why do we believe certain claims and not others? How can we differentiate truth from falsehood? The beauty of the questions is, none of these can be answered in their finality. In every breath of the human being a thought is involved; in every thought of a human being, a breath is involved. Every breath is an action; every action has the opposite reaction. Normally, a human being breathes 22,000 times in a day. Every breath of the human being is part of his thinking process. The gigantic scope and responsibility of epistemology can be understood by this simple illustration, as it is the all-pervading subject related to the entire humankind.

Tourism Business Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Tourism Business Administration - Essay Example Being a very sensitive issue it attracts media attention very easily and consequences often include fatalities and serious injuries. Thus a crisis management scheme is very essential and should be organized and ready to be called upon at any instant. (Fall, 238-250) The crisis management team has to be properly structured and organized in order to operate efficiently. Generally a senior manager is assigned the role of the initial contact who is to be the first person to be contacted in emergency situations. He acts as the head of the crisis management team and oversees the operations of the sub teams. The Media Team acts as the face of the effected organization during crisis periods. It handles all media contacts, interviews and press releases. It constantly monitors the activity of the press and stay in touch with them. It maintains a log of situations that develop in the area of media management. (Tse, 112) The On-site team is deployed for client assistance in the event of a crisis. It deals with various authorities involved. ... The crisis management process consists of four steps: i) Risk Assessment ii) Procedure Development iii) Training of Crisis management team iv) Testing Plans (Goodrich, 573-580) The crisis management team has to be properly structured and organized in order to operate efficiently. Generally a senior manager is assigned the role of the initial contact who is to be the first person to be contacted in emergency situations. He acts as the head of the crisis management team and oversees the operations of the sub teams. The sub teams for a crisis management division are normally divided into four teams. i) The Media Team ii) The On-site Team iii) The Passenger Information Team iv) General Enquiries Team The Media Team acts as the face of the effected organization during crisis periods. It handles all media contacts, interviews and press releases. It constantly monitors the activity of the press and stay in touch with them. It maintains a log of situations that develop in the area of media management. (Tse, 112) The On-site team is deployed for client assistance in the event of a crisis. It deals with various authorities involved. It ensures that medical help reaches the site where the crisis has developed if required and maintains close contact with hospital authorities in cases of serious injuries. It is also responsible for the welfare of the staff affected by the crisis. It inscribes a detailed report of its activities. The Passenger Information Team acts as a liaison for the family members of effected clients. The personnel get in touch with relatives of the clients and keep them informed about the situation. It has to maintain regular and updated logs. The General Enquiry

RHETORIC AND LITERATURE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RHETORIC AND LITERATURE - Essay Example Insufficient funds have assigned to the Negros. This was on the declaration of independence, where every American was to be a signatory. It was to include both the black and the whites. Most of the American society remained captives in their own land. This was time to check for the blacks in material prosperity. During the time, all men were to assured of rights to liberty, happiness, and life. Consequently, the blacks received insufficient funds for their bad check. Luther King lamented that it was not time for the state to claim that there were no funds and refused to believe. Instead, refused and cashed the check. This was to cash the riches of freedom and the justice security. He mentioned the promises of democracy where he stated the promises of goodwill and refuted the racial injustices. Martin Luther King talked about freedom and equality. He mentioned wrongful deeds by the Negros and stated the reason for cutting hatred and bitterness. Soul force was the way to go. This was to ensure all the Negroes and the rest share all the privileges without one being superior to another. Goodwill and brother-hood remains as the only way to forecast the

The elements of a conflict of the Soviet-Afghan war Research Paper

The elements of a conflict of the Soviet-Afghan war - Research Paper Example All types of conflicts, be they political, economical, social or ethical, have stemmed because of the occurrence of the war itself. It would be imperative, therefore, to study the causes of the war so that the basis of the conflicts can be analyzed. The Soviet occupation of the Afghan territory had a myriad of reason, including political as well as economic factors. It started with the Soviet interest in the natural mineral deposits of Afghanistan, including the huge stores of natural gas that were discovered not long before the occupation (Assifi, 1982/83). There were also hopes of finding other minerals like coal, iron, and oil (Assifi, 1982/83). Afghanistan, although a land-locked country, holds a key position geopolitically due to its placement on the map (Assifi, 1982/83). The Soviets could make their way to the Indian Ocean, and into the neighboring territories, such as Pakistan, which many believe to be next on the Soviet’s war list (National Review, 1987). To make matt ers easier, the Soviets had, two years prior to the official occupation, installed a pro-communist regime in the Afghan government (Assifi, 1982/83). The major players of the war were of course the USSR and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (Assifi, 1982/83). USSR, a communist force rising in the world against the capitalist Western giants like the United States posed a serious threat to the Western world (National Review, 1987). ... ly made their way into their homeland owing to the cooperation of the pro-communist regime installed in the country a couple of years back (Assifi, 1982/83). The population itself was divided into different sects and groups, which made the freedom fight slightly ineffective (Lamothe, 2004). The major parties that influenced the war were the Jamiat-i-Islami, Hizb-i-Islami, Mujahideen, and the Taliban (Lamothe, 2004). Individuals such as Ahmad Shah Massoud (Lamothe, 2004) also played pivotal role in the Afghan resistance against the Soviet invasion. Apart from the key players of the war, several countries took part in the resistance against the invasion although not directly becoming a part of the war. Such states are said to play a supportive role in the conflict. Pakistan was one of major supporters of the freedom fighters (Chapman, 1982). It couldn’t help getting involved in the war, though, given its geographical closeness to the Afghan territory. Also, it was believed that it was the next target of the Soviets (National Review, 1987), who had apparently greater aims than just occupying Afghanistan. Therefore, Pakistan fought the invasion politically and with manpower. It provided a constant supply of trained soldiers, called Mujahideen, to the Afghan freedom fighters, most of whom were Pashtun and of Afghan nationality (Lamothe, 2004). These soldiers were trained in military and religious camps all along the border of the two countries, and a huge fraction of these camps were funded by the United States government (Chapman, 1982). Pakistan, suddenly, was very prominent on the world map due to its geopolitical role in the conflict (Assifi, 1982/83). It also provided health care facilities to the wounded soldiers, both on the battlefield and on its own land among

Google Health and the Future of Personal Health Records Case Study

Google Health and the Future of Personal Health Records - Case Study Example Even Microsoft or Apple failed to recognize the opportunity provided by PHRs. It should be noted that Google was waiting for a breakthrough product to capture or regain market dominance. It should be noted that Google’s market share was considerably reduced in the recent past because of tight competition from prominent companies such as Apple, Facebook, Microsoft, Amazon etc. The offering of the cloud-based product Google Health in 2008 was received with high expectations. Many people though that Google at last succeeded in developing a breakthrough product to counter the challenges from competitors. Nobody can blame the consumer expectation of this product, especially because it could represent a truly consumer based PHR, given the characteristics of the company behind its design. Google was successful in incorporating all the ingredients needed for a PHR system to Google health. Google’s market reputation was huge and nobody had any doubt about the capabilities of Goo gle. Moreover the health care reform initiative in America is getting momentum after to Obama came into power. In short, the opportunity for Google health was huge. Sometimes facts are stranger than fiction. In the case of Google Health, the above statement is absolutely true. On June 24th of 2011, Google Health crashed in its intent of positioning in the difficult PHR market, leaving behind many questions and some lessons for future entrants. This paper reviews and analyses the reasons why Google Health failed as a health information solution for consumer/patient healthcare information management and the future of PHRs. Archer (2011) mentioned that â€Å"Electronic personal health record systems (PHRs) support patient cantered healthcare by making medical records and other relevant information accessible to patients, thus assisting patients in health self-management† (Archer, 2011, p.515). Current

Integrative strategic workshops and simulation Essay

Integrative strategic workshops and simulation - Essay Example The knowledge industry therefore has to deliver custom made solutions to its customers . Their close relationship is sometimes evident in their language as well. The features of the production are: flexible, creative, complex problem solving and dictated by the individual customers. As a future caution Sveiby has advised to adapt to the needs of their clients, to tailor-make their problem solving. They have to be very careful as to how they organise in order to make room for creativity and to maintain and develop the valuable knowledge of their employees as their prime assets. The two major trends of knowledge management have been observed by Kasten (2007) . Financial institutions, particularly banks, operate on universal rather than local structures and have centralised organisation. These are interested in stability and position within the industry. These organisations do not rely on specialised knowledge as much as the healthcare sector hence have a less finely divided internal structure. Hospitals have decentralised knowledge organisations and are forever in the pursuit of innovative and useful knowledge. These healthcare organisations a re human based rather than technology based as are the financial institutions (Kasten 2007). ... organizations. Available http://www.sveiby.com/articles/KnowledgeStrategy.htm Task 2 invisible balance sheet: Nokia has about $ 183 billion worth of intangible assets coming from the difference between market value of $ 190 billion and book value of 5.7 billion. These invisible assets, which no accountant mentions, comprised of patents , concepts, models and computer systems etc (internal structures), The brand name, image, trademarks, customer and supplier relationship (external structures). The intangible assets are generally not liquid and are self finances since banks do not finance these. The third category of internal assets is values, experience ,education and social skills of employees. The invisible balance sheet measures internal assests. In Aug 2001 Nokia lost assets worth & 86 billion yet remained a market leader in telecom sector. The loss was of the invisible assets while its visible assets remained high. Bhutoria (N. D.) states that besides the customer base and strength of operation, a company has human capital as important asset. After all it is the human capital that ensures smooth running of operations and acquiring and retaining the customers. An employee is professional when he is an expert in his chosen field, he may be a role model for others. A person has a set of competencies each of which has a value. When such a person leaves the organisation that much capital is lost. An employee's expected economic value to the firm corresponds to the future earnings of the employee for the remaining active service life. It should also include career movement or possibility of employee leaving the organisation. However, since it is difficult to evaluate employees on individual basis so a group valuation should rather be performed

Financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Financial management - Essay Example The theory acknowledges the use of both equity and debt financing of the firm operations. It holds that each firm has an optimal capital structure at which it maximizes the value of the firm, which is the point when the attractiveness of each additional debt unit declines, upon balancing its costs and benefits it brings to the firm (Ghazouani, 2013). By this the theory links a firm’s financial leverage to its profitability and optimum debt ratio. Proponents of the theory argue that debt financing can enable firms to achieve maximum profitability and value by making a trade off of the accrued benefits and cost. Financing firms with debt has the advantages of corporate tax benefits of the debt, but also suffer risks from bankruptcy and agency costs, which create financial distress for the firm. Tax shields are firm specific factors that influence firms financing decisions. Firms may choose to take additional debt with increases to tax shield offered. According to Chen, â€Å"the trade-off theory predicts that firms will increase their debt level to capture fully tax benefits until the expected marginal benefits are equal to the expected marginal costs of debt† (2012, p. 1). The higher the tax rate the greater the firm’s leverage and effectively a higher enterprise value. By maximizing the use of debt, firms on the other hand become more prone to losses due to increasing risks of bankruptcy. The firm’s over-borrowing could result to failure of paying the principle, chances of defaulting, and in the event of financial distress are unable to get extended credits from financial institutions, failure to pay dividends or attractive for investment (Kim, Heshmati and Aoun, n.d.). In turn they affect the firm’s profitability, performances and its value. Holding other variables constant, a point comes when a further debt increment becomes inversely and directly proportional to its marginal profits and costs,

Undecided Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Undecided - Essay Example Evidently, strong linkages can be observed between four of the much idolized political documents where the idea of the previous show a certain degree of influence on the current political doctrines being followed. These four documents involve, Barack Obama’s Second Inaugural, Robert Kaplan’s â€Å"Was Democracy Just a Moment?†, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), and Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Third Inaugural, commonly referred as â€Å"The Four Freedoms†. THESIS STATEMENT In this thesis, similarities between the ideas presented in the above mentioned four political documents will be discussed. Similarities in this context will signify the influence of previously executed political ideas on the new thoughts developed, which in turn would imply the above stated notion that historic events, even in the doctrine of politics, tend to be interlinked through their unique ideologies. To be precise, the discussion henceforth will emphasize as sessing the ways one political event influenced the following political ideas and thus, contributed to national well-being in different eras and different situations. DISCUSSION The â€Å"Second Inaugural† of 44th US President Mr. Barack Obama took place in the year 2013. The political ideology expressed by the President in his Second Inaugural emphasized on his belief and the historic significance of democracy for America. He thus implies that as a President, possessing the power of the Constitution of the US, his main objective is to seek that the people of in America are bind together irrespective of color, religion and names as they have been for years. The thought here ignites a value of equality within the nation, which can be identified as based on the ideas developed over two centuries before stating that men are to be treated equally with equal rights, opportunities, liberty and happiness. Importance of these thoughts can be found exhibited throughout the political h istory of America (White House, â€Å"Inaugural Address by President Barack Obama†). For instance, dating back to 1941, when the 32nd US president, Mr. Franklin D. Roosevelt pronounced the four most vital freedoms that every American must receive in the nation, viz., ‘freedom of speech’(signifying the linguistic and cultural equality of the nation, ‘freedom of worship’ (signifying the religious equality principle in the democracy), ‘freedom from want’ (implying the principle of the nation to make basic life supporting amenities available to every American) and ‘freedom from fear’ (indicating the right of people to safety). Notably, in the 1941 period, America was undergoing substantial political changes where democracy was taking a much stronger and prominent importance against the tyranny suffered by many of the American communities even in the midst of the early and mid 20th century. Thus, by propounding these political id eas, the then US President aim to ignite a feel of equality within the nation, eradicate communalism differences and eventually, give a new direction to the country’s development (AmericanRhetoric, â€Å"The Four Freedoms†). . The President of the US, Barack Obama has also mentioned that with the ideologies of equality and democratic power within the country vowed from centuries. However, with gradual changes

Cover Letter Basics Essay Example for Free

Cover Letter Basics Essay A cover letter is an invitation for a hiring manager to read your resume. Hiring managers usually have an order to which they read your submitted documents. That order would be cover letter, then resume, and then any supporting documents. You want your cover letter to grab their attention and draw them in. After reading your cover letter they should want to learn more about what it is you have to offer their company. This can be your make or break introduction. First thing first, you need to be prepared. The majority of business’s that you will be applying for positions at, will have a website. Research the company. If not only researching for your cover letter, research the company for yourself as well. A company’s website can give a lot of information on how the company runs, events they hold, how involved they are in the community, etc. Take note of bits of information that you may be able to use for conversation purpose at the interview you are going to get, as well. Check out their company history page. This gives you an idea of how long the company has been in business. Is it a family owned business? Is it a couple of friends that started this business? How many locations do they have? Finding out as much as you can, about how the company got started, can only make you feel more confident and knowledgeable when writing your amazing cover letter. Your interest in the company and not just the paycheck they will be giving you can differentiate you from all the other applicants. Make sure to know the job you are applying for like the back of your hand. Print out the job description. Make a T chart on a sheet of paper. In the left column, make a list of your job skills, abilities, and achievements. In the right column, list the job requirements, duties, and responsibilities. Draw lines connecting the columns where your skills or abilities match up with their requirements (Gardner, 2012). This T-Chart will help you out when writing the body of your cover letter. In today’s competitive job market, companies’ often pre-screen applicants by running applications through a computer program made to weed out unqualified applicants. To make sure your resume is viewed, include critical key words in your cover letter and resume. Since you already have your job description printed out, highlight key words that you could use in your cover letter or resume. For instance, if the job description specifically asks that you be proficient in Microsoft Excel, you want to be sure to include the keywords, Microsoft Excel, instead of just using the word spreadsheets. If the company is specifying they need an employee who is proficient in Microsoft Excel, it is highly possible that those two words will be included in the computer program’s search on cover letters and resumes. Ask yourself what you have done that is similar to what the job requires like classes, work experiences, internships, and volunteering (The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York, 2012). The layout of your cover letter should have one inch margins all around. The length of a cover letter is important. You want to be precise and to the point but include enough information to make the hiring manager curious about what your resume consists of. Ideally a cover letter should be around two-thirds of a page and contain two to three paragraphs (Newberger, 2009). Start your cover letter by including your contact information at the top of the page. Keep your font and font size consistent with your resume. Make sure your contact information entails your name, address, city, state, zip code, phone number, and email address. It is very important to have an appropriate email address, such as [emailprotected] Do not use an email address that would give the hiring manager reason to think anything other than professional thoughts about you. An email address such as [emailprotected] may cause the viewer of your cover letter to throw your resume out due to the thought of you getting injured in a race and not being able to be helpful to their company. It may be wise to create a whole new email address just for your job search. There is a lot of spam these days and you do not want to take the chance of missing an email from a potential employer due to having 101 new emails coming through a day. Your phone number should be the contact number where you are most available. Whether this would be a cell phone or a home phone, be sure that your greeting message is business appropriate and if you have a ringtone on your phone for people calling you, it would be wise to change to a normal ring during your job search. Again, you do not want any small detail to cause the hiring manager to think anything other than professional thoughts of you. After your contact information is complete, double space to type your potential new employer’s contact information. The employer’s contact information section should include the hiring manager’s name, if at all possible. It should also include their title, company name, address, city, state, and zip code. The reason you want address your cover letter to a specific person is because generalizing a cover letter shows a lazy approach to your job search and can be a turnoff to a prospective employer. This tells an employer that you either don’t care or did not take the time to find out a name, and may have the same attitude when it comes to your work (CVTips, 2012). If the job posting does not specify a name for you to address your cover letter and resume to, there are other ways of finding out. A lot of times company’s website will include a list of their staff, which you would be able to look up the head of the department in which you are applying for the job. If there is not contact information on the website, you can call the company and ask specifically for the name of who is doing the hiring for that certain department. If all the research leaves you without a name, then use Dear Hiring Manager of (include the specific department your potential position is in). This would go for the salutation, as well. The first paragraph will be called your introduction. These few sentences should convey why you are writing the letter. Briefly introduce yourself, state what position you are interested in, and how you heard about the opening. The attention grabber is next, the body.

Adverse Possession: Law and Effect

Adverse Possession: Law and Effect Rebecca McKittrick To adequately address the controversy between whether or not adverse possession in England/Wales and positive prescription in Scotland are similar in effect, the law in both jurisdictions must first be discussed. Only then can the effects of same can be established and compared. When a property owner fails (within a specified time frame) to evict a squatter[1] from their property their title is extinguished, as a result they cannot recover possession. This is the essence of the doctrine of adverse possession. Adverse possession is by no means a novel or modern idea. Traces of this doctrine can be found back as far as Roman law with uscapio and longi temporis praescriptio, with common law roots dating to the feudal times.[2] As with all law, it has evolved and advanced through the use of both statute and case law. Thus a doctrine permitting the acquisition of ones land by another has long since been created. Perhaps one of the most interesting aspects of this doctrine is the rationale behind it. One such notion is that there is a pragmatic expectation that any property owner will assert their title against any and all intruders.[3] The argument goes that if property owners fail to affirm their rights against the trespasser then they are not a responsible owner, thus are not entitled to own the property. This echoes the legal maxim vigilantibus ton dormientibus lex succrit the law will only assist those who remain alert, not those who sleep. Additionally the policy considerations[4], the quieting of title[5], are adhered to. Some commentators have noted that this doctrine mutates a squatters initial wrong (theft) into an eventual right (land title).[6] Thus, it must be questioned whether there is value in upholding such a doctrine, due to its somewhat controversial nature, which notably evokes a strong emotional response due to the misconception of it as little more than legal theft.[7] A s a result of avoiding the obligation of payment for land, by engaging in this more primitive acquisition of it[8], squatters are often portrayed in a negative light such that they are stealing the patch of another.[9] This highlights the inevitable debate of the validity of such a doctrine for why should a person not be free to do whatever they so please with their property, even if that means doing nothing? Nevertheless such discussion for present purposes will not be furthered. The present law on adverse possession in England was initially formalised in common law in 1962.[10] In spite of this, as noted earlier, the law has been subject to alterations and evolutions through a number of leading cases.[11] As a result, although the current law does fall within the doctrine of general limitations, the infamously flexible judge-made law must be consulted for the relevant principles. In a sense the law of adverse possession is similar to that of criminal law there are two fundamental requirements, one physical and one mental. In adverse possession there must be factual possession and animus possedendi, the latter being the more contested issue in practice. As commentators have noted, much academic and judicial ink has been spilt in trying to determine in what circumstances possession could be deemed to have taken place and when it was also adverse'.[12] In the case of McFarlane[13], Mr Justice Slade spoke about what is necessitated by the requirement of animus possedendi. Ostensibly it was noted that the squatter must possess the intention to exclude the world at large, which inevitably includes the true owner, so far as the law will allow and is reasonably practicable.[14] It should be noted that for a significant length of time, what exactly the squatter had to intend was quite unclear. It is evident from the case law that different judgments purported differi ng requirements. For example it had been held that a squatter couldnt simply intend to possess the land, this of course was a requirement but, they must also intend to exclude all others from it (including the paper owner).[15] Subsequently it was emphasised that the requisite intention was simply that the squatter intended to possess the land.[16] Thus the question arose as to whether or not intention to exclude, in addition to the intention to possess, was an aspect of the animus possidendi requirement. Recently the House of Lords clarified the matter wherein it was held that the requisite intention was simply the intention to possess.[17] The courts must consider several factors in order to establish animus possidendi. These factors go beyond simply the nature of the actions undertaken by the squatter and the evidence as to their intention. The courts must identify whether the possession was adverse, as well as whether the acts of the squatter were such that the intention to possess was unequivocal and that this intention was made clear to the world. If the courts establish that these actions were in fact equivocal, that the intention was ambiguous or simply not made plain then the claim for adverse possession will fail.[18] The squatter must be in possession of the land in a manner inconsistent with the true owner before the time period will run.[19] It has been noted that possession with consent of the paper owner will not usually give rise to adverse possession[20] and prior consent will prevent the limitation period from running[21]. Nevertheless, there are certain contestable situations that may occur in practice . The issue of implied consent[22], and whether or not there was a granting of a license[23] are just two examples of how consent can affect the outcome of the individual case. In order to substantiate a claim for adverse possession the squatter must, in satisfying the requirement of possession[24], establish a sufficient degree of physical control over the property.[25] The notion of a sufficient degree[26] evolved throughout the case law, similarly to the test to establish it. Interestingly these disputes can occur in a wide variety of circumstances. For example there have been cases indicating the possibility of adversely possessing a specific portion of a house[27]. The courts apply an objective test relating to the nature and quality of the property, seemingly however no consideration or variation will be afforded by virtue of the status of the parties to the case.[28] Evidently any possession must be open[29], actual, continuous and exclusive[30]. In applying the objective standard to exclusivity the physical enclosure of land is relevant but not determinative[31]. Generally fencing will satisfy the requirements of factual possession. However, the purpose of the fencing will be taken into account. For instance if the fencing was in place to enclose livestock, as opposed to preventing access to the property, it will not satisfy the prerequisite for a claim of adverse possession[32]. In the Adams[33]case Mr Justice Laddie delved into the nature and purpose of fencing. This discussion can be interpreted as meaning both entry and exit from the property. Notably the squatter need not maintain the fencing for the purposes of both. Nevertheless, fencing is presumably the most self-evident form of factual possession[34]. It is clear that although no variation is given in accordance with the situation of the parties, there is variance dependent upon the na ture of the property being possessed[35]. Consequently a person can be held to be in possession of property by cultivating land[36], shooting over it[37] or by simply leaving it vacant[38]. Thus it is clear the finding of adverse possession is circumstantial. As a result the main issues in practice is the determination of whether the acts undertaken are sufficient to constitute possession[39]. Additionally, in accordance with common sense, it must be noted that the acts of possession need not necessarily inconvenience the true owner[40]. To mandate such a requirement would potentially, and it is submitted most likely, result in an action being brought against the squatter much sooner. Therefore a lot, if not the vast majority, of cases of adverse possession would be prevented from ever reaching fruition. Following from this it is clear that a mere act of trespass will, notwithstanding the variance depending upon the nature of the land, be insufficient to warrant an adverse possession claim[41]. The doctrine of adverse possession gained much clarity with the Pye[42] decision in 2006. Herein Lord Browne-Wilkinson purported that reference to adverse possession should be avoided as much as possible. The rationale being that by doing so, a lot of the confusion and complication that arises would be avoided. It was submitted that in such cases there is a simple question. The court, it was asserted, need only answer whether the squatter dispossessed the true owner by being in ordinary possession of the property, without consent, for the required time period. Throughout his judgment Lord Browne-Wilkinson seemingly claimed there was an over conceptualisation of the doctrine of adverse possession. In relation to the debate as to what constitutes adverse possession, he suggested that what needs to be established is whether the possession is without the owners consent. This case adopted the approach in McFarlane[43] wherein the nature and use of the property was the key test. Thus to sa tisfy factual possession one seemingly need only have sufficient custody and control for ones own use[44]. As noted earlier, the effect of the doctrine is governed by both statute and case law. Although the precedent set out above plays an important role in the deciding of cases, new statutory changes[45] have significantly limited the scope of this doctrine. It has been suggested that this restriction is to be commended for creating a more rational and secure footing for the law.[46] The new law provides for circumstances consistent with the system of land registry wherein titles can be abandoned or registered under certain acts. The 2002 Act[47] addressed concerns regarding the ease at which an individuals property could be adversely possessed[48]. Thus with the enactment of the legislation came a significant change such that the burden shifted from the true owner[49]. Prior to this reform, the paper owner had been required to remain alert and ensure their land was not being adversely possessed. As per the 2002 Act[50] however the squatter now bears the burden such that they must have a dverse possessed the property for a minimum of ten years before making an application.[51] The true owner can, of course, protect their title by objecting to the application. This objection will render the application incomplete. If the squatters application is rendered incomplete, they need only remain in possession for a period of two years before they can re-apply. There are different options available to the true owner in the event of an application[52]. If the paper owner chooses to ignore or confirm[53] the application then the squatter will be registered as the proprietor. The 2002 Act[54] also provides for serving counter-notice[55]. This requires the registrar to operate under paragraph 5 of Schedule 6. As a result a squatter may not be registered in place of the true owner irrespective of whether they have established factual possession or not. However his is subject to three exceptions[56] which highlight not only the equitable principles intrinsic to the doctrine but als o the policy considerations upon which it is premised. Although possible to identify numerous categories within the doctrine itself[57], it is clear that the requirements of factual possession and intent are at the heart of understanding its effect. The fact the squatter must show that they had the intention to possess the land and put it to their own use, as well as proof of physical possession illuminates both the equitable and legal transfer of property rights by the creation of an added dimension. The aspects present in establishing adverse possession, as discussed earlier[58], are of utmost importance regarding the effect of this doctrine. As seen throughout the case law, in reality it is these elements which determine the outcome of the case. Thus they dictate the effect upon the individual and the disputed property. Positive Prescription: Law and Effect Positive prescription is the existing system of land acquisition under Scots law, the name given to the hybrid legal system in Scotland. There is an interesting difference in development between Scots Law and the English common law system. Scots law does not simply follow suit as so many other jurisdictions do, rather they created principles consequential to the work of French and Italian scholars, with Roman law proving particularly influential[59]. Whilst some commentators have noted the similarities between the nature of Scots law and that of other jurisdictions (namely Sri Lanka and South Africa)[60], it did in fact develop, as part of the ius commune[61], with influences from both civil and Canon law. Unsurprisingly, due to both proximity and relationship, Scots law has inevitably also been affected by the influence of common law[62]. Therefore certain similarities may be drawn. Nevertheless it must be noted that Scots law is a very unique, distinct native system wherein legislation is king. Interestingly the first of the legislation governing positive prescription, a creature of Scots law, is from the sixteenth century.[63] Similarly to adverse possession, prescription has roots in Roman law wherein it played an important role regarding property law. Here title was acquired through possession, or where an individual failed to meet the formalities which would deny such appropriation[64]. Initially the rationale was established to distinguish between prescription granting title and that preventing a claim of title against the squatter. As noted, positive prescription had many muses one of which was Canon law. Herein a great deal of importance was given to the bone fide[65] possession of the property. Positive prescription is unlike adverse possession in the sense that historically its role was one of conveyancing, not a method self-acquisition or legal theft. Initially the legislation[66] simply had the effect of restricting the right to call on a possessor to produce his full progress of titles[67]. Effectively once the period of possession [68] was completed this was seen to be confirmation of title. If the period of possession was unfulfilled, the progression of derivative titles was incomplete. Subsequently the transfer of title would have been denied. Continuous, open, peaceable possession of a registered title (which is reflective of a real right) for 10 consecutive years (devoid of judicial interruption) will result in the indicated real right and this right will be free from challenge[69]. This exemption from challenge has been subject to much debate, nevertheless the modus operandi is to ensure secure title.[70] Notably in a discussion paper the Scottish Law Commission purported that a positive system of registration of title is no substitute for positive prescription.[71] They continued, focusing on the exemption from challenge. It was noted how registration of title simply makes a void title good but is subject to challenges, whereas prescription makes title good without recourse to challenge. Although the central ideology of system of positive prescription is to serve public interest[72] it may be viewed as a means of deprivation of property. Thus positive prescription, like the doctrine of adverse possession in England and Wales, has an important role regarding property ownership. That said, in Scotland by virtue of acquisition by prescription as per the 1973 Act[73], both possession and title are required. Contrarily the doctrine of adverse possession is such that the title of the true owner is lost via limitation. The Act further provides for circumstances wherein the title is registered in the land register or the register of deeds[74], or where it is not recorded[75]. The first of these situations mandates possession for a period of ten years, whilst the second holds a requisite period of possession of twenty years. The rationale, or objective, for the registry is similar to that of the model in England. Nevertheless there is a stark difference in the length of time mandated for possession. That said, in establishing either adverse possession or positive prescription what the court looks to is very similar if not identical. A Comparative Analysis of Effect In order to adequately assess the effect of both adverse possession and positive prescription we must first look to their justifications. Commentators have often noted that adverse possession simply executes what is deemed to be a pragmatic expectation which came into existence during a time where an individual would have to forcefully assert their title against intruders[76]. However this may be seen to be quite an archaic justification, and that in modern times the only purpose of such doctrines is to provide a legal form of theft. Additionally it has been purported that the law in this area is too harsh, especially in considering the human rights implications[77]. Nonetheless, there are in fact many valid considerations in favour of such laws, which in turn highlight the effect of the doctrines. The first justification to discuss is the infamous Lockean labour- desert theory. Locke asserted that an individual has a natural entitlement to land if it is used productively. In todays world, it is increasingly clear that land is a finite resource. Thus it is difficult to argue against the notion that property ought be granted to the useful labourer as opposed to the incompetent fainà ©ant. Although the context with which Lockes theory was concerned was unowned property, it seems to present a logical justification to the doctrines at hand. As briefly alluded to in the discussion of adverse possession, one justification for such a doctrine is in relation to the quieting of title. The policy concern is the continuation of markets, as well as the desire to minimise tensions and conflicts. Courts have held that the objective of any statutes of limitation is to prevent claims from arising after unreasonable amounts of time have passed[78]. If causes of action were unlimited by time restraints it would breach the basic rules of fair procedures and justice evidence could and would become lost, and memory by its very nature deteriorates with age. It could be said that this justifications retains elements of capitalism, however it serves to protect the innocent third party who purchases property whilst also providing pragmatic benefits (such as efficiency, registration and land use)[79]. Notably other countries, for example the United States or even Brazil, cite grounds including protecting development and initiative of the individual as justification.[80] As such it is important to note that in England and Scotland by the 18th Century most land had been enclosed[81] thus the concerns were in relation to the clarification of boundaries and titles. Which perhaps surprisingly, due to the reputation of the doctrines legalising theft, are in actuality the areas within which most cases fall. Interestingly in Scotland a landowners power is seen as intrinsic to the interrelationship with cultural symbols related to the land[82]. The notion of symbols having a sociohistorical significance (with it being connected to social standing and groupings) offers a different view to the effect of the doctrines. This understanding highlights that any decision made can and will have significant social consequences for the parties involved. In common law the doctrine of adverse possession was originally premised upon customs and traditions. Thus the systems of acquisition date back to the introduction of personal property. That said, they have since become more regulated and civilised. Although some commentators argue that the doctrine became ubiquitous only after the Norman conquest, with others stating its prevalence dates simply to British feudalism[83], it is self-evident that the possession of vacant land was an intrinsic part of the global development of civilisations. Likewise title to land can be gleamed though the open, peaceable possession of land (provided there has been no judicial intervention) via the doctrine of prescription in Scotland. Whilst comparing the doctrines of adverse possession and positive prescription, differences are apparent for example the specific time periods required for possession, the consequence of enforcing the expiration date, or even simply the basis of the doctrine itself. Nevertheless, in reality the application of the rules to factual scenarios leads to results and effects of great similarity such that they are often identical. Conclusion It is clear that courts have been faced with similar issues when dealing with cases of adverse possession and positive prescription. For example, issues arise in attempting to ascertain which acts of possession should be afforded the greater weight, or in establishing exclusion. As highlighted throughout the discussion, cases of positive prescription will not necessarily be determined using the same methodology as adverse possession. Adverse possession and positive prescription were established and have developed in very different forms nevertheless the effect of each remains the same. Positive prescription relies heavily upon the legislation, consistent with the approach of its native system, whilst adverse possession although makes use of legislation[84], relies to a large extent (as per the nature of common law) on case law. At first the doctrines seem to be completely distinct, however in reality the justifications and effects are of such similarity that in practice the doctrines could be interchanged without altering the result of the cases. Notably both doctrines have, at some point at least, taken the role of a guide for the other and it is submitted this will probably continue to be the case. Having evaluated the development, rationale and effect of the laws relating to adverse prescription in England/Wales and positive prescription in Scotland it is purported that, notwithstanding the difference in method and development, the effects of both are nigh on identical. Bibliography Ackerman W Johnson S, Outlaws of the Past: A Western Perspective on Prescription and Adverse Possesion Land and Water (1996) 31 Land Water L Rev 79 Accessed December 27th 2016 Ballentine, Title by Adverse Possession (1918) 32 Harv L Rev 135 Baron M, Weeks v Kyrsa: Cultivating the Garden of Adverse Possession (2010) 62 MeLRev 289 Accessed January 15th 2017 Bordwell P, Disseisin and Adverse Possession (1923) 33 Yale LJ 1 Bouckaert B and Depooter B, Adverse Possession Title Systems (1999) Buckley NF, Pye (Oxford) Ltd v United Kingdom: Human Rights Violations in the Eye of the Beholder (2007) 12 (4) CPLJ 109 Burns F, Adverse Possession and Title-By-Registration Systems in Australia and England (2011) 35 Melb. U. L. Rev. 773 Caterina R, Concepts and Remedies in the Law of Possession (2004) 8(2) ELR 276 Chalmers J, J A Pye (Oxford) Limited v United Kingdom: Deprivation of Property Rights and Prescription (2006) 10 EdinLR 277 Accessed December 12th 2016 Chen L, Whither adverse possession in Hong Kong? A comparative and statistical study (2014) 5 Conv 413 Conway H Stannard J, The emotional paradoxes of adverse possession 64(1) NILQ 75-89 Cooke L, Land Registration: Void and Voidable Titles (2004) 8 ELR 401 Accessed Janurary 9th 2017 Cusine D, Adverse Possession of Land in Scots and English Law (1996) 45 ICLQ 667 Dixon M, Human Rights and Adverse Possession: The Final Nail (2008) 2 Conv 160 Dixon M, Modern Land Law (8th edn, Routledge 2012) Donnelly C, From possession to ownership: an analytical study of the declining role of possession in Scottish property law (2006) 4 Jur Rev 267 Douglas, Acquiring Rights To Land by Way of Prescription (2012) TC Young Blog Accessed Janurary 28th 2017 Edney J, Human Territoriality (1974) 81 Psychol Bull 959 Ellickson R Thorland C, Ancient Land Law: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Isreal (1995) 71 CKLR 321 Accessed Farran D, The Principles of Scots and English Land Law. A Historical Comparison (W. Green Son 1958) Gardiner B, Squatters Rights and Adverse Possession: A Search For Equitable Application of Property Laws (1997) 8 Ind Intl Comp L Rev 119 Accessed December 12th 2016 Gravells N, Land Law (4th edn, Thompson Reuters 2010) Gray K Gray S, Elements of Land Law (5th edn Oxford University Press 2009) Gray K Gray S, Land Law (7th edn, Oxford University Press 2011) Gretton G, Case Comment: Privat

Consumer Buying Behaviour Analysis

Consumer Buying Behaviour Analysis CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR Consumer is the king and it is the consumer determines what a business is, therefore a sound marketing programme start with a careful analysis of the habits, attitudes, motives and needs of consumers. In particular a marketer should find answer to the following questions: What are the products they buy? Why they buy them? How they buy them? When they buy them ? Where they buy them? How often they buy them? A buyer makes a purchase of a particular product or a particular brand and this can be termed â€Å" product buying motives† and the reason behind the purchase from a particular seller is â€Å" patronage motives† When a person gets his pay packet, and if he is educated ,sits down along with his wife and prepares a family budget, by appropriating the amount to different needs. It may happen that after a trip to the market, they might have purchased some items, which are not in the budget, and thus there arises a deviation from the budgeted items and expenditure. all the behaviour of human beings during the purchase may be termed as â€Å"buyer behaviour†. HOW CONSUMER BUY 1. Need/Want/Desire is Recognized In the first step the consumer has determined that for some reason he/she is not satisfied (i.e., consumers perceived actual condition) and wants to improve his/her situation (i.e., consumers perceived desired condition). For instance, internal triggers, such as hunger or thirst, may tell the consumer that food or drink is needed. External factors can also trigger consumers needs. Marketers are particularly good at this through advertising, in-store displays and even the intentional use of scent (e.g., perfume counters). 2. Search for Information Assuming consumers are motivated to satisfy his or her need, they will next undertake a search for information on possible solutions. The sources used to acquire this information may be as simple as remembering information from past experience (i.e., memory) or the consumer may expend considerable effort to locate information from outside sources (e.g., Internet search, talk with others, etc.). How much effort the consumer directs toward searching depends on such factors as: the importance of satisfying the need, familiarity with available solutions, and the amount of time available to search. 3. Evaluate Options Consumers search efforts may result in a set of options from which a choice can be made. It should be noted that there may be two levels to this stage. At level one the consumer may create a set of possible solutions to their needs (i.e., product types) while at level two the consumer may be evaluating particular products (i.e., brands) within each solution. For example, a consumer who needs to replace a television has multiple solutions to choose from such as plasma, LCD and CRT television. 4. Purchase In many cases the solution chosen by the consumer is the same as the product whose evaluation is the highest. However, this may change when it is actually time to make the purchase. The â€Å"intended† purchase may be altered at the time of purchase for many reasons such as: the product is out-of-stock, a competitor offers an incentive at the point-of-purchase (e.g., store salesperson mentions a competitors offer), the customer lacks the necessary funds (e.g., credit card not working), or members of the consumers reference group take a negative view of the purchase (e.g., friend is critical of purchase). 5. After-Purchase Evaluation Once the consumer has made the purchase they are faced with an evaluation of the decision. If the product performs below the consumers expectation then he/she will re-evaluate satisfaction with the decision, which at its extreme may result in the consumer returning the product while in less extreme situations the consumer will retain the purchased item but may take a negative view of the product. Such evaluations are more likely to occur in cases of expensive or highly important purchases. To help ease the concerns consumers have with their purchase evaluation, marketers need to be receptive and even encourage consumer contact. Customer service centers and follow-up market research are useful tools in helping to address purchasers concerns. TYPES OF CONSUMER PURCHASE BEHAVIOR Consumers are faced with purchase decisions nearly every day. But not all decisions are treated the same. Some decisions are more complex than others and thus require more effort by the consumer. Other decisions are fairly routine and require little effort. In general, consumers face four types of purchase decisions: * Minor New Purchase these purchases represent something new to a consumer but in the customers mind is not a very important purchase in terms of need, money or other reason (e.g., status within a group). * Minor Re-Purchase these are the most routine of all purchases and often the consumer returns to purchase the same product without giving much thought to other product options (i.e., consumer is brand loyalty). * Major New Purchase these purchases are the most difficult of all purchases because the product being purchased is important to the consumer but the consumer has little or no previous experience making these decisions. The consumers lack of confidence in making this type of decision often (but not always) requires the consumer to engage in an extensive decision-making process.. * Major Re-Purchase these purchase decisions are also important to the consumer but the consumer feels confident in making these decisions since they have previous experience purchasing the product. For marketers it is important to understand how consumers treat the purchase decisions they face. If a company is targeting customers who feel a purchase decision is difficult (i.e., Major New Purchase), their marketing strategy may vary greatly from a company targeting customers who view the purchase decision as routine. In fact, the same company may face both situations at the same time; for some the product is new, while other customers see the purchase as routine. The implication of buying behavior for marketers is that different buying situations require different marketing efforts Consumer Buying Decision Process â€Å"Nothing is more difficult and therefore, more precious, than to be able to decide is quoted to be the words of Napoleon. This is amply true in the case of consumer too. It is for this reason that the marketers are bound to have a full knowledge of the consumer buying decision process. However it should be remembered that the actual act of purchasing is only one stage in the process and the process is initiated at the several stages prior to the actual purchase. Secondly even though we find that purchase is one of the final links in the chain of process, not all decision processes lead to purchase. The individual consumer may terminate the process during any stage. Finally not all consumer decisions always include all stages. Persons engaged in extensive decision making usually employ all stages of this decision process. Where as those engaged in limited decisions making and routine response behaviour may omit some stages. The consumer decision process is composed of two parts, the process itself and the factors affecting the process. SURVEY BY THE MARKETING TEAM A survey conducted by the marketing team of shoppers stop Ltd. Reveals the psychography of the modern shopper. Acordingly the survey classifies customers in to the four segments namely * Convenience Shoppers * Value Shoppers * Image Shoppers * Experience Shoppers Convenience shoppers for instance ,are people who consume relatively less amount of time while shopping. Also they look out for the width and depth of the range they purchase and conduct their annual shopping at one shot. Value Shoppers always hunt for value for money ; Prefer quality reassurance and benchmark offerings among other related attributes. Image Shoppers are fashion- conscious and look out for the latest trends and labels. On the other hand , Experience Shoppers are attentive and prefer personalized services look out for the right ambience, prefer giving personal advice on clothing at the time of purchase , and prefer not to buy at one sold. ECONOMIC FACTOR AFFECT THE BUYERS BEHAVIOUR 1.Disposal personal income : The economists made attempts to establish a relationship between income and spending. Disposal personal income represents potential purchasing power that a buyer has. The change in income has a direct relation on buying habits. 2.Size of family income : The size of family and size of family income affect the spending and saving patterns. Generally large family spend more and short family spend less, in comparison. 3. Income expectations : The expected income to receive in future has a direct relation with the buying behaviour. The expectation of higher or lower income has a direct effect on spending plans. 4.Propensity to consume and to save : This goes to the habit of spending or saving with the disposal income of buyers. If the buyers give importance to present needs, then they dispose of their income. And buyers spend less if they give importance to future needs. 5. Liquidity of Fund : The present buying plans are influenced greatly by liquidity of assets i.e., cash and assets readily convertible into cash, eg bonds, bank balances etc., 6. Consumer Credit : â€Å" Buy now and pay later† plays its role effectively in the rapid growth of markets for car, scooter, radio, furniture and the like. Economic model suggests behavioural hypothsis : * Lower the price of the product, higher the sales. * Lower the price of substitute products, lower the sales of this product * Higher the real income, higher the sales of the product. * Higher the promotional expenses, higher the sales. Internal influences of buyers * psychographics (lifestyle), * personality, motivation, knowledge, * attitudes, * beliefs, and * feelings. * demographics, consumer behaviour concern with consumer need consumer actions in the direction of satisfing needs leads to his behaviour behaviour of every individuals depend on thinking process. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES OF BUYERS * culture, * sub-culture, * Locality, * royalty, * ethnicity, * family, * social class, * reference groups, * lifestyle, and * market mix factors.

Essay --

There’s a myth that time is money. In fact, time is more precious than money. It’s a nonrenewable resource. Once you’ve spent it, and if you’ve spent it badly, it’s gone forever, this famous quote by Neil Fiore has drastically changed my life. I have decided to use time efficiently thus not wasting this priceless resource. Comparably reducing time duration in doing projects in industries is one of the main ambition of Fredrick Winslow Taylor popularly known as Father of Industrial engineering and Charles W. Babbage who contributed greatly to industrial engineering. Greatly inspired and motivated by the works of these mechanical engineers, I have decided to pursue active research in Industrial Engineering as a career objective. It was in my sixth semester of my under graduate university curriculum I took a course titled Operations research which took me close to the basic concepts of Industrial engineering. The topics learned in this course and its usage in day to day life made me to show further interest in the subject. For example before buying a new vehicle, you would evaluate all the possible options available to reach office, then you would select the fast and cost effective option thus reducing your expenses by doing this you are unknowingly using the concept of â€Å"Optimization† which is a basic concept of Industrial engineering. This liveliness present in the subject truly enthralled me. However it was in my fourth semester the course Industrial engineering management taught how an industry can be managed effectively. Deeply interested in the topics I also selected project management as an elective subject; this even made me to go deeper into the basic concepts of Industrial Engineering like Gantt charts, critical path m... ...co curricular are as important as studies in evaluating students profile. I am an active member of National Social Service of VIT University.In the National service scheme special camp, I taught children in elementary schools for over 60 hours and explained to them the importance of education. .It is my firm belief that in order to achieve greater things in life, a bachelor’s degree is not sufficient. Based on my abilities and interests I feel that pursuing a graduate program at your prestigious university would benefit me greatly in the pursuit of my dreams and goals. In this rapidly progressing world, higher knowledge, and wider exposure to practical experience and involvement in more extensive research are essential to the development of a well-rounded engineer. Hoping with a positive attitude, I ardently look forward to be a part of your esteemed institution.

Trip :: essays research papers

THE TRIP It all started when my friend and I were off-roading and one of us had a marvel idea†¦ â€Å"Wouldn’t this be fun to do in Colorado?† So it begins, I mention that I have a cousin that lives in Colorado, and that we could stay with him and his family. We planned the trip for August 10th. Turns out this will be the most liberating and most independent event in my life. Thursday, August 10th rolls around, we get and start loading the jeep, and hit the highway. Just knowing that we were on our own was such a big challenge for us, never in our lives have we gone on trip with out the financial support and guidance of our parents. As we approach the first big city Omaha, I have to guide him and tell him which exits to take and when we got out of there it was such an accomplishment. After Omaha we had to fill up the tank for the first time. Never in my life have I argued with my best friend about the stupidest thing. Who, is going to pay for the first gas fill-up? After about 10 minutes of arguing we finally decided to flip a coin to see who would pay. Turns out there are some rules about coin flipping that I didn’t know about. We just had a mutual agreement to alternate who pays for gas. That was only the first major delay in our trip. As we start on the long stretch of nothingness people refer to as the Nebraska highway, I realized that a box shaped automobile isn’t the most aerodynamic car in the world. Turn out this is going to be a 16-hour trip to Gunnison Colorado instead of a 14 hours. Just one more delay on our trip. Have you ever felt so overwhelmed, like the weight of the world is on your shoulders? That’s kind of how I felt, when trying to direct my friend through the city of Denver. It was one of the most challenging things to try and explain to someone else what I see on the map and how to get through the Mixmaster’s of Denver. We only ended up stopping and asking for directions about every other exit. Just one more small delay in our trip. As night falls the Rocky Mountains rise, right into our path and get to my cousin’s house we had to travel through Monarch Pass which is probably one of the hardest ones to drive due to the lack of lighting and curves.

Movie: The Caine Mutiny - Evaluating The Performance Of A Government :: essays research papers

Movie: The Caine Mutiny - Evaluating the Performance of a Government Governments are an essential and important part to our everyday life, and without, there would be no control or leadership. Governments are sanctioned to constitute and systemize the interrelationships of the people with their divisional bounds, the relations of the people of the community as a whole, and the arrangements of the community with other political entities. In the movie, "The Caine Mutiny", a form of government plays an important role to everybody aboard the ship. There were certain hardships with the configuration of the government, and in this case, the government was the captain. Although the captain didn't go directly against the Naval Regulations, the crew thought that he was incapable of holding this position as captain. With all of this happening, it was hard for the sailors aboard the ship to appreciate the form of government and their leader. The constitution for many countries, hold the rules (may be written, or not written) to which a government must obey. In this scenario, the Naval Regulations were intended to be followed upon and consented to. If a government is fulfilling its basic functions, then it is properly following the constitution, but if it isn't ensuing the constitution, then the fundamental purposes aren't being achieved. Within the constitution, there is power granted to impeach the leader if he/she is not implementing their primary services. In the movie, we see captain Queeg as one who is incompetent of achieving his job as the leader. Captain Queeg can be easily compared with Charles III—king of England during the Revolutionary War. He was old, and powerful, and with authority, but also wrong. Captain's new position angered many sailors aboard the old battle ship with his strict and reserved mannerisms, and the way he handled many situations gave the sailors fair reason to be easily infuriated. Overall Queeg portrayed a very futile leader as head of the government on the ship. There are many possible risks that one can come upon if they decide to change governments. There is always the risk of a failed government which could be at the worst disadvantage to anyone and everyone. Once a government fails, it can easily be trampled over and picked upon by another country. The power can be lost by everyone in their country and can be difficult to gain back. The change in governments can also effect the people of the country, because it will most likely be at a disadvantage to some people because not everyone is easily satisfied. The support of people in a country can readily be lost and gone

Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion Essay

1. Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion 1.1 Define what is meant by: †¢ diversityIndividual differences. Includes many factors, eg. race, gender, religious and political belief, abilities and disabilities, age and culture †¢ equalityInstilling a balance of fairness and status to all individuals †¢ inclusionaccommodating every individual to be part of a situation †¢ discriminationthe treatment of a person due to prejudice of their individual differences see more:legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity 1.2 Describe how direct or indirect discrimination may occur in the work setting Direct discrimination may be only including a particular group of people who the carer considers appropriate by their personal opinion. Direct discrimination may occur therefore due to a carers personal belief or opinion which should not be relevant whilst working in a care environment. Indirect discrimination is the assumption that the carer knows about a person without obtaining relevant information. This may occur if the carers assumes the individual is unable to take part in an activity by their own assumption rather than by any particular knowledge 1.3 Explain how practices that support diversity, equality and inclusion reduce the likelihood of discrimination If practices are in place to help carers have a better understanding of diversity, inclusion and equality, such as training and employment of diverse individuals, discrimination will naturally be reduced. If carers are enabled to get to know the diverse backgrounds, and gain a better understanding, stereotyping should be reduced 2. Know how to work in an inclusive way 2.1 List key legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination in adult social care settings The Equality Act 2010 legally protects people Care Quality Commission compliance regulations Policies and procedures within the workplace 2.2 Describe how to interact with individuals in an inclusive way By getting to know the individual’s background you will be better equipped to encourage inclusion. They should feel comfortable in the environment to feel properly included. This may include treating them equally, without authority, listening and speaking with consideration and sincerity. The person should be encouraged to behave naturally in a way that is comfortable to them and does not challenge the individual to change themselves to fit into your own ideologies. 2.3 Describe ways in which discrimination may be challenged in adult social care settings Discrimination can be challenged by not tolerating and taking immediate action if it occurs. All individuals should be encouraged to challenge discrimination in a fair and calm way, this should be led by respect and consideration of others. When discrimination occurs, incidents should be reported and recorded. By making all staff, carers, service users and their carers/families aware of the discrimination policies and procedures, discrimination can be dealt with more swiftly and effectively. When carers are properly trained, they will have a better understanding of discrimination and be in a position to act positively to prevent and challenge the incident. 3. Know how to access information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination 3.1 Identify sources of information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination The workplace would be my first point of call for information. I would look to our handbooks, policies and procedures guidelines as well as management. I could also source information from government agencies and online support, and the Care Quality Commission for further information and support. Further still I could consider obtaining advice from related charities, organisations and private professionals. 3.2 Describe how and when to access information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination I should access information, advice and support at all stages, from initial training to refresher courses and keeping up to date with policy and legislation changes. It should be my responsibility as a carer to be aware of current information at all times. When incidents of discrimination occur I would immediately make my colleagues and managers aware and gain guidance and  support from the offset. If I found the support and information insufficient, I would then look to further sources for information, support and advice until I received a satisfactory conclusion for all involved.

Lead with Example

Matthew Vetter English 101 Professor Melanie Bussiere folk 25th, 2010 A Conflict Of Interest perceptual constancy in a patterns morals and ethics atomic number 18 a vital asset to have when regnant a group of masses. With similarities sh ard amongst the ruler and the common person the normal testament then be cap up to(p) to relate and be more esteem amongst the cosmos, as opposed to a ruler who rules with his profess self interest at hand.In the piece, The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli argues the gayy principles of how a prince should and should not rule. In stray to rule successfully he states a prince moldiness(prenominal) possess few of the following characteristics morality, a strong army, exigent rule, common primer with his flock and overly to be widely complaisanceed. Machiavelli laid the ground fly the coop for many rulers in the forthcoming with his modern run across in a clock where rulers were primitive and ruled by means of fear and terror.The Pr ince and its ideas can even be seen to mean solar day in our modern day presidents and kings proving that Machiavelli had compelling ideas and arguments for how leaders can run and hold a position of spring successfully. Respect, the most important quality a leader should have, is the basis for any descent whether it is between friends or a ruler and his volume. The prince depicted in Machiavellis work has no obedience for or from the population and this solely is his major flaw.Machiavelli states, Spending the wealth of others does not lesson your reputation but adds to it lonesome(prenominal) spending what is your own is what hurts you. In order to gain the respect he must forge relationships, sacrifice what is his own and respect the lives of his people. It is seen through his methods of war that he spends the lives of his people frivolously sending them on missions where the fatalities are extremely he high referable to the fact he has no tutelage for the population as long as his position is protected from outside enemies .The prince grew up rich, privileged and oblivious to the hardships faced by the working class. His followers grew up in a completely different lifestyle with responsibilities, battles and hard work the two different lives clash, making it hopeless for him to share experiences or believe their personal thoughts and aspirations for the civilization if they conflict with his own. Due to the conflicting ideologies of the Prince and his people he allow for never be able to lead successfully in supposition of Machiavelli.These views can even be seen in modern day, when a president or person of king is involved in scandal or betrayal of his people he is impeached and removed from the position of power and that is barely what entrust happen to a Prince who cannot control his people. Along with caring round his fellow man that is ranked on a lower floor him on the social ladder, a prince match to Machiavelli must show compas sion along with being able to control. In the view of Machiavelli, it is far safer to be feared than loved if you cannot be both, a leader must find common ground with his people and show interest without leniency inside the rules.With this healthy balance of freedom and rigorous rule Machiavelli provided a solid telescope for how a leader or in this case a Prince can affirm order. The exampled Prince in the essay found it sooner difficult to relate to his less golden counterparts causing them to not cooperate with his decisions condescension the threat of death to those who oppose so without respect and fear no man can truly rule harmonize to Machiavelli. Earning a leadership role through your actions provides a steady background, and respect from the people who will be following you.Many rulers rise up up through family and their reign is normally short lived. This is due to their inexperience in battle, leadership roles and how to treat a population. A prince regardless of h is prior experience and actions will generally rule from a radix with belief he is always reform with preconceived notions that his opinion is always high than those below him or her they will never take others serious. With this mind set it is impossible for someone to rule effectively because they will not take other opinions or view into consideration until it is too late.This is perspicuous in Machiavellis piece when he explains the situation in which the Duke of Milans sons came into leadership. The boys came into rule after their father and had no respect for the population or their opinion and were cursorily over thrown through the pinch of an outraged population. Leadership is built stinker respect and respect is built empennage camaraderie and previous acts in which peril the character of a leader. The actions of a prince before coming into rule will ascertain his entire reign of power.It will congeal whether it is short lived or the start of a prosperous empire. Machiavelli laid down the disgorge work for the elevated leader to obligate power and keep order. The beliefs of Machiavelli have been seen time after time in our circulating(prenominal) leaders around the globe. Their fallacies are seen exactly as Machiavelli saw them and their good qualities are also seen. Nonetheless, it is impossible to say how to utterly rule as there will always be those to oppose for their own personal reasons but the essay The Prince, is as close of a depiction of the ideal ruler to date.

Character of Lady Macbeth Essay

In the course of this essay I will discuss the character of Lady Macbeth wired and the change in her character throughout the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare. We see how her as being ambitious and ruthless at the start. Looking at her and Macbeths moral character she is the dominant one in the relationship. After a while we start to see a change in her character as she lacks strength and ambition, isn’t in charge or control of her relationship with Macbeth.Macbeth is not delighted with his actions even if theyve earned fear him his prize since hes acutely conscious of his tyranny.In this letter, he is telling her about his sexual encounter with the witches. â€Å"They met me in the day of success: And I have learned by the perfectest report, they have more in them than mortal knowledge.† (Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth) She appears very determined for what the witches have told him to come true.She hopes the witches prophecy about Macbeth most becoming King of Scot land will happen and then for her to be Queen.During act four, Lady Macbeth does not look in the play.

† (Act1 Scene 5 old Lady Macbeth) Lady Macbeth doesn’t want to wait around for her Macbeth to become young King to just happen. She wants Macbeth to kill his cousin, the recent King, Duncan, logical and also anyone else who tries to get in their way. She great hopes Macbeth will come home soon so that she can convince him to do most anything to become King.We see here, that she is confident in herself that she will be able to trick him into killing his own cousin.Comparing the start to the finish of the drama, its clear when considering her power that Lady Macbeth is different.â€Å"Come, you spirits that tend on ordinary mortal thoughts unsex me here† ( Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth). When she finishes own calling on the spirits, Macbeth arrives. Lady Macbeth tells him his letter has given little hope for their future. She asks when Duncan is leaving and when Macbeth god says in the morning, she says he’ll never see tomorrow.Lady Macbeth is quite succe ssful at persuading him to do many things he knows are mistaken.

We also see, that Lady Macbeth is ruthless. She will low let nothing get in her way of becoming Queen. It shows she is the non dominant one in their relationship as she makes all the decisions and plans. We next see Lady Macbeth in Act1 Scene 6.Macbeth finds the notion of assuming the thrown improbable.Duncan thanks her keyword with a gratitude for letting him stay. He also apologises for the hassle he’s causing her.â€Å"Heroin I teach you how you shall bid god ‘ield us for your pains, and thank us for your trouble.† (Act 1 Scene 6, Duncan – Lady Macbeth) When Duncan meets Lady Macbeth he is humble and generous, thanking her for letting exalted him stay, but he doesn’t know that she is planning to kill him.Her impulse last plagues lady Macbeth.

â€Å" If it were ‘tis done, then were well it were done quickly.† (Act 1 political Scene 7) Lady Macbeth arrives and Macbeth tells her that he doesn’t want to go ahead with the murder. He has won honour on the battlefield and doesn’t want to fresh kill an innocent. â€Å" We will proceed no further in this business, He hath honoured me of late, logical and I have bought golden opinions from all sort of people.Lady Macbeth is confronted with a similar circumstance.† (Act 1 whole Scene 7, Lady Macbeth – Macbeth). What she says seem to work. Again in this scene, we see Lady Macbeth as the dominant one. She easily convinces him back into their new plan to kill Duncan.Concerning the true macbeth was shown to be a tragic hero that is shakespearean.

â€Å"Do foreign mock their charge with snores, I have dragged their possets.† (Act 2 Scene 2 , Lady Macbrth) Lady Macbeth starts to get very agitated and tense. We first see how this when she hears an owl. She thinks Duncan’s guards have woken up and caught Macbeth, even though Macbeth has came into the room.The play highlights natures unforgiving aspects and other presents the artlessness of the nation as problematic.â€Å"I hear a knocking at the south entry, retire we to our chamber.† (Act 2 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth) As Macduff enters to awake Duncan in this scene, he discovers that Duncan is murdered. Lady Macbeth enters after hearing the bell ringing. She asks what is happening.You might locate some feeling of temporary relief when you got acquainted through the game.

Lady Macbeth response doesn’t sound very convincing as she replies. â€Å"What, in our house?† (Act 2 Scene 3, Lady Macbeth – Macduff) When Lady noble Macbeth says he has murdered the chamberlains, Lady Macbeth faints. We don’t know if she’s acting here or being serious. We see irony in this scene, as she is behind the murder great but acts as she knows nothing.There isnt anything like a game to allow complete immersion in Shakespeare tragedy.When the servant leaves, Lady Macbeth thinks back on everything that has happened since the murder of Duncan. â€Å"Nought’s had, all’s spent, where our desire got without content.† (Act 3 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth) In this scene, we see Lady Macbeth as alone. Becoming king and queen, her and Macbeth lost everything.Janes love is likewise a fair one.

Macbeths wife is among the strongest female chinese characters in literature.Girls are related to bad from the start of the play.A Macbeth essay example how that is good should incorporate a list of the themes that are largest and a profile of the principal characters.Order essay at the last moment and specialists will do their best to supply you price.

High School Biology Lesson Plan – Properties of Water

physiological automobile trunkHailey griffin Lesson political program claimProperties of wet supply punctuate train 10 subject field subject arabiota I sun enjoin Standards or super acid encumbrance Standards sunshine secernate Standards SC. 912. L. 18. 12 piffle ab prohibited the circumscribed rightties of weewee that fetch to Earths suit competenttedness as an purlieu for animateness adhesive behavior, re print methamphetamine to curb temperature, magnification upon freezing, and versatility as a answer. port Objectives(Three separate Condition, legal recreateion, and measurement) keepn a sireer of a organic structure of peeing sh reddish, schoolchilds post strike the casing O and henry atoms, the every eruptt wizard verifying and negative aras of the tittle, and covalent bonds in gradient the blood cell. The disciple ordain in centime-pinching order non spy grouch the 4 eventful properties of pee supply and buck le under(a) berthfuls of to from all(prenominal) match little(prenominal) integrity in spite of appearance 1 minute. Materials (including technology)Students Textbook, spend/Pen, PaperT apieceer school room board, markers, computer, Power header presentation, banter processor, bigeminal copies of read peesheets to s impatient cause, heartily up 10 -15 Pennies, 10-15 center field Droppers, Cups, body of pissing sy husk miniskirt Labs contour lineative petri wait aces, root c m come outhpiecepings, neutral spirits, body of irrigate in affectionateness enterpers, provide fall a bureaus, irrigate system, ablaze(p) aliment people of colour, hair same thermionic vacuum thermionic tubes, shucks, grump s shed light onpages, NaCl, salad anoint in center screw get toal droolpers, ardent get ups panoptic s pass along Koosh hunk haul/prevenient flummox up/ cocksureial development bring fourth dimension 15- 20 proceeding fore br ea affaire show up to manakin, the instructor should pile up the quest supplies Pennies, philia droppers, Cups, wet supply.As school-age childs scrape into disunite, they should skeleton concourses of 3-4 sight and hoof it up a wizard centime, wizardness dropper, a underage instill of piddle and harvest-tide to their seats. They go a authority in same manner bespeak a defecate/pen. at a era both(prenominal) stem has the proper materials, the instructor provideing grant out the incident plumpsheet (App wind upix A). They should let off that each conference is going to ac view how galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) drops of body of pissing get out conk onto the discharge of a cent. The squad with the almost drops of peeing on their centime wins. As unrivalledness assimilator is drop the pee onto the penny, separatewise should be reckoning and embarking the consequences.The a nonher(prenominal)wise members of the group should be running(a) on the producesheet, consulting their textbook for consequences this run absolutelysheet slew be ideal at stem and is non to be sullen in. agencys chatter 25 proceedingWorksheet remain anatomy dateMini science try outing grounds twenty-four hour period 2, 45 proceeding. afterwards the penny Lab, the instructor should pitch contour into a Power story visit on the properties of wet (Powerpoint link to slighton plan). The get up should put out for 25 minutes, liberal term to under target in the indwelling in orchestrateation even so brusque equal to tame assimilators assist.The pursuance topics should be c every couch in the Powerpoint the physical building of a body of body of weewee blood cell, states of matter, oppositeity, hydrophobic/ deliquescent substances, high school-pitched school agitate capacity, gluiness/ hamper and lift tenseness, averageness and solubility. at a epoch reproof is everyplace, students lead tempt the Properties of piddle supply system system put to fetchsheet (App sackix B) to organise on during the abide of kinfolk and to do it as restoredness if not finished. This designation lead be due the near phase geological period at the end of phratry and leave be rate. The pursual tell period, the teacher comforter up s asks set up the grad into 6 optics. individually center is a mini expe run alongenting ground and go away counselling on a sealed blank space of weewee, the students should be able to drug abuse the acquaintance they take a craped from the front slighton to in effect answer questions round the properties of pissing. Each spot entrust construct a unmarried exitsheet ( attachment C) tilt the modus operandi for the science research research laboratory and 3-4 questions most the lab and place c overed. Students essential(prenominal) provide their get idea and retroflex take in the questions and accordingly answer they stack get going unneurotic simply must(prenominal) brace their bump offl exhibit answers. The work spotless during lab time exit be dour in a graded on the mean solar solar mean solar daytimelight of the assay. minutes in the lead stratum is over, the instructor should buy the farm out a oeuvre execute and let students know that in that location bequeath be a test the succeeding(a) separate period, topics from both babble and lab get out be covered. guide and self-governing en push back On day 1, students pull up stakes work in c formerlyrt on the penny lab, and during lecture, students should be gainful attention to the teacher. lastly, at a time the worksheet is present on out, students should be works one and only(a) by one. On day 2, students leave behind be working(a)s in groups, rotating amongst centers the teacher should be base on balls nearly carve up part students when needed.On da y 3 students bequeath be working independently on the test. Adaptations for ELL & east southeast studentsELL students volition shed the prob baron to work with partners to get a line mates reinforcement and befriend with complicated concepts. trim tutoring is uncommitted during dejeuner and afterschool. wording lists ar uncommitted for select up students argon support to pretend bum card to assist them name impudent wording words. ELL students testament a same(p) be disposed(p) all-encom rifleing time to take tests. east southeast students entrust be condition free time to hit designations and slay tests.Complex directions allow for be clear so the student is confident in what he/she is suppositional to be doing. Students leave be allowed to take pitiable breaks during kin and tests. Closure exercise cut down well-nigh Students speedily and verbally dish out one thing they wise(p) in the class during the lesson. Students leave alone pass round a koosh ball (or similar item) and whoever has the ball must portray a shortsighted rendering of close tothing they cast larn. This could overwhelm topics from lecture, lab, or provision and could be an sex fact, exposition or short score of a concept.The teacher should be the first-class honours degree player and pass on buy the farm an vo trumpery of a safe(p) response, for ex healthy at present I l earned that material pee, or tripe, forms a latt irrigate ice organise which causes it to be less silent than unstable peeing, which makes it muck up. This use testament end once ein truthone has divided up their thoughts. If t here is ample time and decorous instinctive participants, this work on mechanism could similarly be utilise for students to gain duplicate realization points. Students who wanted to talk about(predicate) assetal concepts could earn up to 2 points extra accredit towards their test.The introductory days assignment should be collected. judgment/ evaluationOn the jut out of the day 3, students use practice into class and prep atomic go through with(predicate) 18 for their exam. once everyone is seated piano the instructor should pass out the test in which students put on nearly 40 minutes to complete (ESE and ELL students pee-pee much(prenominal)(prenominal) time). one time a student completes the test he/she should show piano or work on early(a) classwork. The lab assignment from day 2 should excessively be dark in for grading. concomitant A Properties of piss penny LabTake a judge How more than drops of pissing do you mobilise will run into onto a penny? __________ coherence, affection, and advancement up tightness argon attractive forces amid pinchs and very main(prenominal) properties of body of piddle system. glueyness is the ability of piss to convey to itself it is a result of intramolecular forces (intra- in spatial coitus, so this is inclination inwardly the tittle). An congresswoman of coherence is when you over admit a field starter with irrigate, the swimming state rises above the rim of the rubbish plainly does not choke off the side or else it bubbles up, which is as well caused by rebel emphasis. come in tightness is a exceptional(prenominal) figure of glueyness it bath be set forth as the splutter on top of body of pissing, in the case of the overfill ice, the cake tension caused the wet to leg in concert and form the bubble over the rim, this blank space withal allows some bugs to laissez passer on pissing system. adherence describes weewee gummy to other materials and is an intermolecular force ( among close molecules). estimation backside be notice in the stem of a vascular establish weewee molecules stick to the xylem create from raw material and ascent up the plant. These properties go along because irrigate is a opposite molecule.A mole cule of piddle is undisturbed of 2 atomic number 1 atoms and 1 flake O atom, because of the consanguinity shared betwixt these atoms, one side accommodate pretty more absolute and the other sparingly more negative. These partial derivative charges are symbolized by the classical garner delta, or ?. The signal of piddle molecules allows piss to disappear north- north-polar and supercharged substances, qualification body of irrigate a good root. Molecules that are uncharged, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as fats and aneles, unremarkably do not give the axe in peeing system and are called hydrophobic. cognitive operation 1. displace a alter out penny on a now resurrect. 2.With the eye dropper, dripping one drop of piss supply onto the go forth of the penny, one drop at a time. pay off one student in your group keep open bounce back of the number of drops. 3. respect the outdoors of the penny as the weewee builds up. 4. in one case whatsoe ver get of weewee has spilled over the edge of the penny record your utmost count of urine drops. 5. piece up your subject field and return materials to your teacher. Final conceive How m whatsoever a(prenominal) weewee droplets really fit onto the penny? ___________ associate fair ___________ observance inform your results in monetary value of coherence and pop tension.What do you conceptualise would authorise if we affixed soap, a hydrophobic substance, to the pee in the lead dropping it onto the penny? apologise your answer. puzzle a outline of a piss molecule in your book, reproduction the force and trail the undermentioned group O molecule, atomic number 1 molecules, ? +, ? -, and absorb the intramolecular bonds among the type O and enthalpy atoms. adjunct B Properties of irrigate system 1. a. make the social organization of pee supply supply. embarrass the partial charges of each atom. b. wherefore is water system considered to be a polar molecule? 2. a. What enables neighboring water molecules to vex content-bond to one some other? b.How many total awaken bonds mess each water molecule form? 3. a. beg off the residual mingled with esteem and cohesion. fix an event of each. b. How do adhesion and cohesion beg off capillary tubing vessel action? 4. What is fold up tension? Give an workout. 5. a. What is particularized heat? b. explicate wherefore water has such a high ad hoc heat. c. relieve wherefore it is cold by the lake (or any body of water) in the summer and hummer by the lake in the spend. 6. a. formulate why ice is less thickheaded as a steady than as a liquid. 7. a. wherefore is water called the world-wide solvent? What does house nonplus to do with this? . How does water settle a substance like NaCl? throw off a escort illustrating this. 8. What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic mean? 9. angle of inclination louver special properties of water and give an example ( other than ones from this worksheet) of each. addition C means 1 privy you be adrift a reputation primp? mathematical operation accept a formative petri dish to sufficient with water. Without distressing the stand up of the water, start at the lip of the charge plate curlicue and luxate the wall writing primp crosswise onto the get hold of the water. esteem the way the water caisson disease under the paper clip. memorialise your observations. reiterate utilise ethanol in place of water. Questions 1. What retention (properties) of water is (are) present here? 2. How piece of ass the shape up of water act this way? 3. wherefore did the paper clip not float on the ethanol? relate 2 quarter you pass the devotion? physical process apply a dropper, place 2-3 drops of water on one glass slide. set up the atomic number 16 glass slide over the first. purify to pull them apart. eternalise your observations. Repeat using dry slides. Questions 1. What p iazza (properties) of water is (are) at work here? 2. How are hydrogen bonds abstruse in this (these) belongings (properties)? . explicate why glass is set forth as hydrophilic. circle around 3 How does water move through plants? physical process engage a capillary tube and then a straw with a red tarnish answer (red food for thought coloring in water) and raise them to a perpendicular position. immortalize your observations. Questions 1. What properties of water are at work here? How does water rise up the tube? 2. why are these properties principal(prenominal) to a plants choice? summation 4- Is a self-colored hoy than a liquid? purpose stray a third power of ice in a beaker designate and fill up with intoxi green goddesst and other in a beaker tagged and filled with water.Observe where the ice pulley block is in relation to the surface of the solution. rapidly adopt the ice cubes for the next group. cross-file your observations. Questions 1. why i s the ice cube at the top or basis of the alcohol? piss? 2. why is frozen water less sullen than liquid water? 3. let off how this stead of water is important to ocean life. inwardness 5 akin break ups like act empower a spoonful of NaCl in a beaker of water and stir. patch 2 droppers full of salad oil colour in the beaker of water and stir. script your observations. Questions 1. why does NaCl send away in the water? 2.why is it essential for compounds like table flavour and glucose to be dissolvable in the water install in our body? 3. Does salad oil dissolve in water? develop your answer. essence 6 Does water hum in the beginning if brininess is added? Procedure throw 2 beakers, one denominate deionized water and the other coarseness water. tot up 2 spoonfuls of flavoriness to the beaker denominate common season water and stir to adjudge a solution. sharpen each beaker, with a thermometer on it, on a hot plate and fall which beaker begins t urn first. take your observations. Questions 1. Does the addition of common saltiness make the water turn accelerated or dilatory?why? What does salt do to the transmit state point of water? 2. harbour an ice cube and add salt to it. What happened to the landing field of ice where the salt is apply? wherefore is salt utilise to flash-frozen sidewalks or roadstead in the winter? What does salt do to the freezing point of water? Appendix D Properties of piddle mental test light upon ____________________ intent ______ Properties of water supply attempt go off 1. coiffe the next vocabulary Cohesion fastening Surface tensity capillary tube action aquaphobic deliquescent 2. How does water compactness switch. a. as the temperature of water increases ____________ b. s the brininess of water increases ____________ c. as the temperature of water decreases ____________ d. as the salinity of water decreases ____________ 3. What is a polar molecule? 4. What type o f bonds represent amid the atoms of a water molecule? 5. What type of bonds comprise amid the adjacent water molecules? 6. why is water called the general proposition solvent? 8. What happens to the pot of water as it freezes? What happens to its dumbness? true up/ infatuated authentic unreasonable urine contracts (gets smaller) when it freezes. current erroneous Water has a high surface tension. square bastard compressing is water glide slope out of the air.True fictional It takes more force to heat water at room temperature to 212o F than it does to change 212o F water to steam. Why is water called the universal solvent? What does star sign have to do with this? How many hydrogen bonds can each water molecule form? name amid the intramolecular forces and the intermolecular forces at work privileged and between water molecules. ravish draw a water molecule. stigmatise the future(a) type O molecule, hydrogen molecules, ? +, ? -, and draw the intramolecula r bonds between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.